
The European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN (Centre Europeen de Recherche Nucleaire) successfully steered a stream of protons finer than a human hair around a 27 kilometre circuit that has cost 630 thousand million euros and has taken nine years to construct. They were able to accelerate the particles close to the speed of light within a total vacuum at a temperature of minus 271.3ºC – colder than outer space. Founded in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco–Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe's first joint ventures and now has 20 Member States.
The Large Hadron Collider, or LHC is a particle accelerator which has been installed in a tunnel 27 km in circumference which housed a previous machine, the Large Electron Positron collider, LEP. By studying collisions at higher energies than ever before, physicists working with the LHC will make further progress in understanding the mysteries of how our Universe is made and how it came to be. A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric fields to propel electrically charged particles to high speeds and magnetic fields to contain them. There's a good chance that you have spent a good portion of your life staring at a particle accelerator (perhaps making some progress in understanding the mysteries of our universe) as the good old fashioned cathode ray tube you have in your TV – if you haven't moved on to plasma - has one behind the screen.
The aim of the six experiments to be conducted with the LHC are varied; two will be actively searching for signs of the Higgs boson, a key undiscovered particle that is essential for the Standard Model of particle physics to work. The Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of a particle, known as the Higgs boson, which gives mass to other particles. Currently, the mechanism by which particles acquire different masses is unknown, and finding evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson would solve this fundamental mystery of nature. The experiment which has led to predictions of the end of the world is the ALICE experiment, in which the LHC will collide lead ions to recreate the conditions just after the Big Bang under laboratory conditions - a nanosecond of intense heat and pressure that will convert energy into matter and 'create' new particles. The worry of some is the possibility that a tiny black hole could be created which could then expand to swallow the earth. The scientists at CERN argue that nature is continuously creating LHC-like collisions when much higher-energy cosmic rays collide with the Earth's atmosphere, with the Sun, and with other objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars. If such collisions posed a danger, the consequences for Earth or these astronomical objects would have become evident already. Actual collisions of particles in the LHC are a treat we may have to wait a year for.
The World Wide Web was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 to help particle physicists around the world to communicate. No one at the time could predict the enormous impact it would have on our concepts of information, knowledge and spam mail. Now, to deal with the enormous amount of data that will be generated by the LHC, CERN is leading work to create a "computing Grid" that will harness vast amounts of computer power through networks across the world transforming the internet into a giant global supercomputer. At the moment the grid is relatively small; the processing power of roughly 100,000 home computers, distributed around the world and connected by a fibre optic 15 Gb per second internet connection. This is about 15,000 times faster than a standard home connection and you could download two high definition feature lengths films every second – but it's still not enough to transfer all of the data that will become available.
There is no doubt that the LHC will be in the news on a regular basis in the future and we can only hope it will inspire a new generation of physicists and other scientists. We can only begin to imagine what may be discovered. The LHC was built to help scientists to answer key unresolved questions in particle physics. The unprecedented energy it achieves may even reveal some unexpected results that no one has ever thought of!